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Expat guide

Tax ID in Germany: Complete Guide for Expats

Every resident gets a Steuer-ID automatically after Anmeldung — freelancers need a separate Steuernummer. Here's how both work.

6 min read·Verified & sourced

Overview

Germany has two different tax numbers that expats often confuse:

Prerequisite: Anmeldung triggers automatic Steuer-ID issuance. You cannot get either number without being registered at an address.

Who needs this

If you are employed, you only ever need your Steuer-ID. The Steuernummer only enters the picture when you work for yourself.

Documents you need

The first two items apply to everyone — your Steuer-ID is automatic after Anmeldung. The remaining items are only for freelancers applying for a Steuernummer. You will also need a bank account IBAN for tax refunds.

Step-by-step process

Getting your Steuer-ID (everyone)

1. Complete Anmeldung at the Bürgeramt.
2. Wait 2–4 weeks. The Bundeszentralamt für Steuern (BZSt) automatically assigns your Steuer-ID and mails it to your registered address.
3. Give your Steuer-ID to your employer when you start work — they need it for payroll.
4. Keep the letter safe. You keep the same Steuer-ID for life, even if you move cities or change jobs.

Getting your Steuernummer (freelancers only)

1. Wait for your Steuer-ID to arrive first.
2. Fill out the Fragebogen zur steuerlichen Erfassung — available via ELSTER (online tax portal) or as a PDF from your local Finanzamt.
3. Submit to your local Finanzamt — the one responsible for your registered address.
4. Receive your Steuernummer by post — can take 2–6 weeks. You need it before issuing your first freelance invoice.

Costs

Both the Steuer-ID and Steuernummer are free. There is no fee to apply or receive either number.

Timeline

1. Steuer-ID issued (automatic)

   2–4 weeks after Anmeldung

2. Steuer-ID letter arrives by post

   Same timeframe — watch your mailbox

3. Steuernummer (freelancer application)

   2–6 weeks after submitting Fragebogen

4. Steuer-ID reissue (if lost)

   2–4 weeks via BZSt request

If your Steuer-ID has not arrived after 4 weeks, contact your Finanzamt — do not wait indefinitely.

Tips and common mistakes

• Do not confuse Steuer-ID and Steuernummer — they serve different purposes; employees only need Steuer-ID.
• You do not apply for Steuer-ID — it comes automatically; if it has not arrived after 4 weeks, contact your Finanzamt.
• Do not start freelancing without a Steuernummer — your invoices must include it.
• Your Steuer-ID never changes — even if you leave Germany and return years later.
• Give Steuer-ID to your employer on day one — payroll cannot be processed without it.
• Check your mailbox — the Steuer-ID letter looks unimportant but is critical.
• ELSTER is the online portal for all tax filings once you have your Steuernummer.

Frequently asked questions

Frequently asked questions

?What is the difference between Steuer-ID and Steuernummer?

Your Steuer-ID is an 11-digit personal tax ID assigned automatically to every resident — used for employment and payroll. Your Steuernummer is a separate business tax number for freelancers and companies — used on invoices and tax returns. Employees only need the Steuer-ID.

?How long does it take to get my Steuer-ID?

The Bundeszentralamt für Steuern (BZSt) automatically assigns your Steuer-ID within 2–4 weeks of completing Anmeldung. It arrives by post at your registered address. No application is needed.

?Do I need to apply for a Steuer-ID?

No. Your Steuer-ID is assigned automatically when you register your address (Anmeldung). The BZSt mails it to you. You only need to take action if you have not received it after 4 weeks — then contact your local Finanzamt or the BZSt.

?I'm a freelancer — do I need both numbers?

Yes. You need your personal Steuer-ID (automatic after Anmeldung) and a separate Steuernummer for your freelance business. Apply for the Steuernummer by submitting the Fragebogen zur steuerlichen Erfassung to your local Finanzamt. You need the Steuernummer before issuing your first invoice.

?What if I never received my Steuer-ID letter?

Wait at least 4 weeks after Anmeldung. If nothing arrives, contact your local Finanzamt with your Meldebescheinigung and passport. You can also request your Steuer-ID directly from the BZSt. Your employer may be able to look it up through the electronic wage tax system in the meantime.